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From the Townsend Letter
July 2015

Unraveling the Mystery of Bartonellosis
by Scott Forsgren
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Additional Resources
Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonellosis: a one health approach to an emerging infectious disease.Video of lecture available at http://norvect.no.
Breitschwerdt E. Bartonellosis: the hidden epidemic [presentation]. North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. http://www.ncagr.gov/oep/oneMedicine/noms/2010/Breitschwerdt_Edward_Bartonellosis_The Hidden_Epidemic.pdf.
Cohen S. Lyme Disease and Bartonella: more common than you think [online article]. Suzy Cohen, RPh. June 11, 2013. http://suzycohen.com/articles/lyme-disease-and-Bartonella-more-common-than-you-think.
Graedon T. Ticks, fleas & mystery disease with Edward Breitschwerdt, DVM and B. Robert Mozayeni, MD [podcast]. People's Pharmacy. Aug. 30, 2014. http://www.peoplespharmacy.com/2014/08/30/907-ticks-fleas-mystery-disease.
Wulfman J. Optimizing diagnosis & management of Bartonella infection [online article]. Physician's Weekly. http://www.physiciansweekly.com/Bartonella-infection-diagnosis.

Books
Buhner SH. Healing Lyme Disease Coinfections, Complementary and Holistic Treatments for Bartonella and Mycoplasma. Healing Arts Press; 2013.
Schaller JL. What You May Not Know About Bartonella, Babesia, Lyme Disease and Other Tick & Flea-Borne Infections: Improving Treatment Speed, Recovery & Patient Satisfaction. International University Infectious Disease Press; 2012.

Diagnostic Laboratories
Fry Laboratories: http://www.frylabs.com
Galaxy Diagnostics: http://www.galaxydx.com
IGeneX: http://www.igenex.com

Notes
1.   Breitschwerdt E. Bartonellosis: the hidden epidemic [presentation]. North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. http://www.ncagr.gov/oep/oneMedicine/noms/2010/Breitschwerdt_Edward_Bartonellosis_The Hidden_Epidemic.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2015.
2.   Raoult D, Dutour O, Houhamdi L, et al. Evidence for louse-transmitted diseases in soldiers of Napoleon's Grand Army in Vilnius. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(1):112–120.
3.   Kerkhoff FT, Bergmans AM, van Der Zee A, Rothova A. Demonstration of Bartonella grahamii DNA in ocular fluids of a patient with neuroretinitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(12):4034–4038.
4.   Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, Maguina C, Dolan MJ, Raoult D. Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(6):1921–1933.
5.   North Carolina State University. New Bartonella species that infects humans discovered [online press release]. ScienceDaily. January 8, 2009. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090106145006.htm. Accessed February 27, 2015.
6.   Lin EY, Tsigrelis C, Baddour LM, et al. Candidatus Bartonella mayotimonensis and endocarditis. Emerg Infect Dis. March 2010;16(3). Available at http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/3/08-1673_article. Accessed February 27, 2015.
7.   Veikkolainen V, Vesterinen EJ, Lilley TM, Pulliainen AT. Bats as reservoir hosts of human bacterial pathogen, Bartonella mayotimonensis. Emerg Infect Dis. June 2014;20(6). Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/6/13-0956_article. Accessed March 16, 2015
8.   Pitassi LH, De paiva diniz PP, Scorpio DG, et al. Bartonella spp. bacteremia in blood donors from Campinas, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(1):e0003467.
9.   Valerio CR, Murray P, Arlian LG, Slater JE. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA in house dust mite cultures. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(6):1296–1300.
10. Jacomo V, Kelly PJ, Raoult D. Natural history of Bartonella infections (an exception to Koch's postulate). Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9(1):8–18.
11. Lantos PM, Maggi RG, Ferguson B, et al. Detection of Bartonella species in the blood of veterinarians and veterinary technicians: a newly recognized occupational hazard? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014;14(8):563–570.
12. Bartonella infection in cats [online article]. Galaxy Diagnostics. May 7, 2014. http://www.galaxydx.com/web/2014/bartonella-infection-in-cats. Accessed February 27, 2015.
13. Chomel BB, Abbott RC, Kasten RW, et al. Bartonella henselae prevalence in domestic cats in California: risk factors and association between bacteremia and antibody titers. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(9):2445–2450.
14. Diniz PP, Morton BA, Tngrian M, et al. Infection of domestic dogs in Peru by zoonotic Bartonella species: a cross-sectional prevalence study of 219 asymptomatic dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(9):e2393.
15. Chomel BB, McMillan-Cole AC, Kasten RW, et al. Candidatus Bartonella merieuxii, a potential new zoonotic Bartonella species in canids from Iraq. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(9):e1843.
16. Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerging Infect Dis. 2006;12(3):389–394.
17. Peake T. Disease caused by insect bites can be transmitted to children at birth, NC State researcher finds [online article]. NC State News. May 3, 2010. http://news.ncsu.edu/2010/05/bartonella/. Accessed February 27, 2015.
18. Breitschwerdt EB, Sontakke S, Hopkins S. Neurological manifestations of bartonellosis in immunocompetent patients: a composite of reports from 2005–2012. J Neuroparasitol. Nov. 4, 2012;3(2012):1–15. Available at: http://www.ashdin.com/journals/jnp/235640.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2015.
19. Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Cadenas MB, Vissotto de Paiva Diniz PP. A groundhog, a novel Bartonella sequence, and my father's death. Emerg Infect Dis. December 2009;15(12). Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/12/ad-1512_article. Accessed February 27, 2015.
20. Kehoe SP, Chomel BB, Stuckey MJ, et al. Edward B. Zoonotic Bartonella species in cardiac valves of healthy coyotes, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. December 2014;20(12). Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/12/14-0578_article. Accessed February 7, 2015.
21. Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Lantos PM, Woods CW, Hegarty BC, Bradley JM. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and Bartonella henselae bacteremia in a father and daughter with neurological disease. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3(1):29.
22. Anderson W. Bartonella like organisms (BLO): consideration, signs and symptoms [online article]. Gordon Medical Associates. Feb. 17, 2013. http://www.gordonmedical.com/unravelling-complex-chronic-illness/bartonella-like-organisms-blo-consideration-signs-and-symptoms/. Accessed February 27, 2015.
23. Griffith JA. Lyme and co-infection check list [online document]. Neurology Health Center. http://www.mybrainhealth.org/files/Lyme_check_list_06_01_12. Accessed February 27, 2015.
24. Burrascano JJ. Sorting out Lyme and associated co-infections [online document].bartonella like organisms (blo): consideration, signs and symptoms Available at: http://www.mybrainhealth.org/files/SORTING_OUT_LYME_AND_ASSOCIATED_CO_INFECTION.doc. Accessed February 27, 2015.
25. Pultorak E. Bartonella: new science revives a neglected infection. ILADS Winter 2014 Newsletter. December 12, 2014.
26. Burrascano JJ. Advanced Topics in Lyme Disease. 16th ed. ILADS. Available at: http://www.ilads.org/lyme/B_guidelines_12_17_08.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2015.
27. Barnes L. Bartonella alert [online article]. Lyme Info. http://www.lymeinfo.net/bartonella.html. Accessed February 27, 2015.
28. Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Nicholson WL, Cherry NA, Woods CW. Bartonella sp. bacteremia in patients with neurological and neurocognitive dysfunction. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(9):2856–2861.
29. Singleton KB. The Lyme Disease Solution. Booksurge; 2008.
30. Harris S. Lyme Disease: Considerations in Diagnosis and Management. Available at: http://www.lymeinducedautism.com/images/Lymewhat_is_it_part_3,_LIA.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2015.
31. What is Bartonella? [blog post]. LymeMD. March 10, 2015. Available at: http://lymemd.blogspot.com/2015/03/what-is-bartonella.html. Accessed March 14, 2015.
32. Pultorak. Op cit.
33. Scheld WM, Marra CM, Whitley RJ. Infections of the Central Nervous System. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
34. Kempf VA, Volkmann B, Schaller M, et al. Evidence of a leading role for VEGF in Bartonella henselae-induced endothelial cell proliferations. Cell Microbiol. 2001;3(9):623–632.
35. Bartonella Patented ePCR™ Panel for Confirmation of Chronic Infection [online document]. Galaxy Diagnostics. http://www.galaxydx.com/web/pdfs/HHTestPerformance.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2015.
36. Maggi RG, Mozayeni BR, Pultorak EL, et al. Bartonella spp. bacteremia and rheumatic symptoms in patients from Lyme disease-endemic region. Emerging Infect Dis. 2012;18(5):783–791.
37. Fry SE, Ellis JE, Shabilla M, et al. Putative biofilm-forming organisms in the human vasculature: expanded case reports and review of the literature. Phlebol Rev. 2014;22(1):24–37. Available at: http://www.termedia.pl/Original-paper-Putative-biofilm-forming-organisms-in-the-human-vasculature-expanded-case-reports-and-review-of-the-literature,76,23697,1,1.html. Accessed February 27, 2015.
38. Uncovering the "stealth pathogen" [online press release]. NC State University. June 12, 2012. http://www.cvm.ncsu.edu/news/2012-05-04-Uncovering-Bartonella-the-Stealth-Pathogen.html. Accessed February 27, 2015.
39. Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, et al. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. Nov. 1, 2006;43:1089–1143. Available at: http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/Lyme%20Disease.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2015.
40. Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, Maguina C, Dolan MJ, Raoult D. Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(6):1921–1933.
41. Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, Maguina C, Dolan MJ, Raoult D. Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(6):1921–1933.
42. Bartonella [online article]. Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center. http://www.columbia-lyme.org/patients/tbd_bartonella.html. Accessed February 27, 2015.
43. Buhner SH. Healing Lyme Disease Coinfections, Complementary and Holistic Treatments for Bartonella and Mycoplasma. Healing Arts Press; 2013.
44. Salvatore P, Casamassimi A, Sommese L, et al. Detrimental effects of Bartonella henselae are counteracted by L-arginine and nitric oxide in human endothelial progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(27):9427–9432.
45. Lappin MR, Davis WL, Hawley JR, Brewer M, Morris, A Stanneck D. A flea and tick collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin prevents flea transmission of Bartonella henselae in cats. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:26. Available at: http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/26. Accessed March 3, 2015.
46. Versalovic J. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology Press; 2011.
47. Yamada A, Kahn LH, Kaplan B, et al. Confronting Emerging Zoonoses: The One Health Paradigm. Springer; 2014.

Scott Forsgren is a health writer, advocate, and coach. He is the editor and founder of BetterHealthGuy.com, where he shares his now 18-year journey through the world of Lyme disease and the myriad of factors that it often entails. He has been fortunate to have written for publications such as the Public Health Alert, Explore!, Bolen Report, and Townsend Letter. Scott was personally affected by Bartonella for many years and today enjoys a state of good health. More information on his work is available at http://www.BetterHealthGuy.com.

Dr. B. Robert MozayeniDr. B. Robert Mozayeni is an expert in translational medicine, the science and art of advancing medical science safely and efficiently. He is the chief medical officer of Galaxy Diagnostics. He specializes in autoimmune diseases and the effects of chronic infection and inflammation on vascular physiology and neurovascular conditions commonly seen with autoimmune and neurovascular diseases. He has a clinical practice in Rockville, Maryland. I thank him for his time in participating in this article and sharing his experience with the treatment of Bartonella. For more information, visit http://tmgmd.com.

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