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From the Townsend Letter
May 2015

Placental Fluorosis: Fluoride and Preeclampsia
by John D. MacArthur
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Notes
1.      Jido TA, Yakasai IA. Preeclampsia: a review of the evidence. Ann Afr Med. 2013 Apr–Jun;12(2):75–85.
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18.    Burton GJ, Yung HW. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of early-onset preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2011 Jan;1(1–2):72–78.
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20.    Li Y, Berenji GR, Shaba WF, Tafti B, Yevdayev E, Dadparvar S. Association of vascular fluoride uptake with vascular calcification and coronary artery disease. Nucl Med Commun. 2012 Jan;33(1):14–20.
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23.    Varol E, Akcay S, Ersoy IH, Ozaydin M, Koroglu BK, Varol S. Aortic elasticity is impaired in patients with endemic fluorosis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Feb;133(2):121–127.
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27.    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: NHIS Arthritis Surveillance. Arthritis prevalence in women and men [Web page]. 2010. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/data_statistics/national_nhis.htm. Accessed March 1, 2015.
28.    National Research Council. Op cit., 5–6.
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30.    National Research Council. Op cit., 91.
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32.    National Research Council. Op cit., 256, 253.
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34.    Lanoix D, Guérin P, Vaillancourt C. Placental melatonin production and melatonin receptor expression are altered in preeclampsia: new insights into the role of this hormone in pregnancy. J Pineal Res. 2012 Nov;53(4):417–425.
35.    Burton GJ, Yung HW, Cindrova-Davies T, Charnock-Jones DS. Placental endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of unexplained intrauterine growth restriction and early onset preeclampsia. Placenta. 2009 Mar;30 Suppl A:S43–S48.
36.    Barbier O, Arreola-Mendoza L, Del Razo LM. Molecular mechanisms of fluoride toxicity. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Nov 5;188(2):319–333.
37.    Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Korkmaz A, Rosales-Corral SA. Melatonin and stable circadian rhythms optimize maternal, placental and fetal physiology. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Mar–Apr;20(2):293–307.
38.    Bharti VK, Srivastava RS, Kumar H, et al. Effects of melatonin and epiphyseal proteins on fluoride-induced adverse changes in antioxidant status of heart, liver, and kidney of rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2014;2014:532969.
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40.    Rebordosa C, Zelop CM, Kogevinas M, Sørensen HT, Olsen J. Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia, hypertensive and vascular disorders: a birth cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010 May;23(5):371–378.
41.    Bauer AZ, Kriebel D. Prenatal and perinatal analgesic exposure and autism: an ecological link. Environ Health. 2013;12:41.
42.    Inkielewicz-Stepniak I, Knap N. Effect of exposure to fluoride and acetaminophen on oxidative/nitrosative status of liver and kidney in male and female rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2012;64(4):902–911.
43.    Li M, Schwerbrock NM, Lenhart PM, et al. Fetal-derived adrenomedullin mediates the innate immune milieu of the placenta. J Clin Invest. 2013 Jun;123(6):2408–2420. See also: Baby knows best: fetuses emit hormone crucial to preventing preeclampsia [online press release]. University of North Carolina Health Care. May 1, 2013. http://news.unchealthcare.org/news/2013/may/baby-knows-best-fetuses-emit-hormone-crucial-to-preventing-preeclampsia.
44.    Ross GR, Yallampalli U, Yallampalli C. Cyclic AMP-independent CGRP8-37-sensitive receptors mediate adrenomedullin-induced decrease of CaCl2-contraction in pregnant rat mesenteric artery. J Vasc Res. 2008;45(1):33–44.
45.    Brambilla E, Belluomo G, Malerba A, Buscaglia M, Strohmenger L. Oral administration of fluoride in pregnant women, and the relation between concentration in maternal plasma and in amniotic fluid. Arch Oral Biol. 1994 Nov;39(11):991–994.
46.    Chlubek D, Mokrzyński S, Machoy Z, Olszewska M. Fluorides in the body of the mother and in the fetus. III. Fluorides in amniotic fluid. Ginekol Pol. 1995 Nov;66(11):614–617.
47.    Shi J, Dai G, Zhang Z. Relationship between bone fluoride content, pathological change in bone of aborted fetuses and maternal fluoride level. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995 Mar;29(2):103–105.
48.   Staff AC, Braekke K, Johnsen GM, Karumanchi SA, Harsem NK. Circulating concentrations of soluble endoglin (CD105) in fetal and maternal serum and in amniotic fluid in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Aug;197(2):176.e1-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17689641
49.    Tskitishvili E, Sharentuya N, Temma-Asano K, et al. Oxidative stress-induced S100B protein from placenta and amnion affects soluble endoglin release from endothelial cells. Mol Hum Reprod. 2010;16(3):188–199.
50.    Mihu D, Costin N, Mihu CM, Blaga LD, Pop RB. C-reactive protein, marker for evaluation of systemic inflammatory response in preeclampsia. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2008 Oct–Dec;112(4):1019–1025.
51.    Ruma M, Boggess K, Moss K, et al. Maternal periodontal disease, systemic inflammation, and risk for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Apr;198(4):389.e1-5.
52.    Boggess KA, Berggren EK, Koskenoja V, Urlaub D, Lorenz C. Severe preeclampsia and maternal self-report of oral health, hygiene, and dental care. J Periodontol. 2013 Feb;84(2):143–151.
53.    Varol E, Aksoy F, Icli A, et al. Increased plasma neopterin and hs-CRP levels in patients with endemic fluorosis. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Nov;89(5):931–936.
54.    Vandana KL, Reddy MS. Assessment of periodontal status in dental fluorosis subjects using community periodontal index of treatment needs. Indian J Dent Res. 2007 Apr–Jun;18(2):67–71.
55.    Waugh D. Fluoride exposure and periodontal disease [online article]. Enviro Management Services. 2012. Available at: http://www.enviro.ie/downloads.html. Accessed March 1, 2015.
56.    Pattanashetti JI, NagathanVM, Rao SM. Evaluation of periodontitis as a risk for preterm birth among preeclamptic and non-preeclamptic pregnant women – a case control study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013 Aug;7(8):1776–1778.
57.    MacArthur JD. Fluoride and preterm birth. Townsend Lett. 2013;364:84–94. Available at http://www.johndmacarthur.com/reports/FluoridePremature BirthMacArthurNov2013.pdf [updated and expanded]. Accessed March 1, 2015.
58.    Peraçoli JC, Bannwart-Castro CF, Romao M, et al. High levels of heat shock protein 70 are associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and may differentiate early – from late-onset preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol. 2013 Dec;100(2):129–134.
59.    Xiong X, Liu J, He W, et al. Dose-effect relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and damage to liver and kidney functions in children. Environ Res. 2007 Jan;103(1):112–116.
60.    Diouf M, Cisse D, Lo CM, Ly M, Faye D, Ndiaye O. Pregnant women living in areas of endemic fluorosis in Senegal and low birthweight newborns: case-control study. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2012 Apr;60(2):103–108. Full study (translation) available at http://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/uploads/Diouf-2011.translation1.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2015.
61.    Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER). Critical review of any new evidence on the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water [online document]. European Commission. May 16, 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/environmental_risks/docs/scher_o_139.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2015.
62.    British Fluoridation Society. Dental fluorosis [online presentation]. March 2012. Available at http://www.bfsweb.org/onemillion/onemillion.htm. Accessed March 1, 2015.
63.    Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Barker L, Dye BA. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in the United States, 1999–2004. NCHS Data Brief. 2010 Nov;(53):1–8.
64.    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reference statistics on water fluoridation status [Web page]. 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/statistics/reference_stats.htm. Accessed March 1, 2015.
65.    Wallis AB, Saftlas AF, Hsia J, Atrash HK. Secular trends in the rates of preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension, United States, 1987–2004. Am J Hypertens. 2008 May;21(5):521–526. Full study available at http://www.preeclampsia.org/pdf/saftlas_wallis[2].pdf. Accessed March 1, 2015.
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67.    Peckham S, Lowery D, Spencer S. Are fluoride levels in drinking water associated with hypothyroidism prevalence in England? A large observational study of GP practice data and fluoride levels in drinking water. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;0:1–6.
68.    Raoofi Z, Jalilian A, Zanjani MS, Parvar SP, Parvar SP. Comparison of thyroid hormone levels between normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2014;28:1.
69.    Wilson KL, Casey BM, McIntire DD, Halvorson LM, Cunningham FG. Subclinical thyroid disease and the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Feb;119(2 Pt 1):315–320.
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71.    Singh N, Verma KG, Verma P, Sidhu GK, Sachdeva S. A comparative study of fluoride ingestion levels, serum thyroid hormone and TSH level derangements, dental fluorosis status among school children from endemic and non-endemic fluorosis areas. Springerplus. 2014;3:7.
72.    Malin AJ, Till C. Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: an ecological association. Environ Health. 2015;14:17.
73.    Food and Drug Administration. Summary of proposed rule on pregnancy and lactation labeling. Federal Register. 2008 May29;73(104):30834. Available at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-05-29/pdf/E8-11806.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2015.
74.    Food and Drug Administration. health claim notification for fluoridated water and reduced risk of dental caries [Web page]. 2006. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm073602.htm. Accessed March 1, 2015.
75.    Hileman B. Fluoridation of water: questions about health risks and benefits remain after more than 40 years. Chem Eng News. August 1, 1988. Available at http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/uploads/hileman.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2015.
76.    Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1997:304. Available at http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776. Accessed March 1, 2015.

John D. MacArthur's previous contributions to the Townsend Letter include three reports in October and November 2013: "Too Much Copper, Too Little Zinc, and Cognitive Deterioration in Alzheimer's Disease" (with George J. Brewer, MD), "Fluoride and Preterm Birth," and "Overdosed: Fluoride, Copper, and Alzheimer's Disease."

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