Notes

  1. Carnahan RM, Perry PJ. Depression in aging men: the role of testosterone. Drugs Aging. 2004;21(6):361–376.

  2. Orengo CA, Fullerton G, et al. Male depression: a review of gender concerns and testosterone therapy. Geriatrics. 2004;59(10):24–30.

  3. Zarrouf FA, Artz S, et al. Testosterone and depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009;15(4):289–305.

  4. Cherrier MM, Asthana S, et al. Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology. 2001;57(1):80–88.

  5. Cherrier MM, Matsumoto AM, et al. Testosterone improves spatial memory in men with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2005;64(12):2063–2068.

  6. Beer TM, Bland LB, et al. Testosterone loss and estradiol administration modify memory in men. J Urol. 2006;175(1):130–135.

  7. Lim D, Flicker L, et al. Can testosterone replacement decrease the memory problem of old age? Med Hypotheses. 2003;60(6):893–896.

  8. Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(3):215–224.

  9. Wilt TJ et al. Five-alpha-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer prevention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD007091.

  10. Weihua Z, Lathe R, Warner  M, Gustafsson JA. An endocrine pathway in the prostate, ERbeta, AR, 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, and CYP7B1, regulates prostate growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:13589–13594.

  11. Zhu X, Leav I, Leung YK, et al. Dynamic regulation of estrogen receptor-beta expression by DNA methylation during prostate cancer development and metastasis. Am J Pathol. 2004;164:2003–2012.

  12. Imamov O, Morani A, Shim GJ, et al. Estrogen receptor beta regulates epithelial cellular differentiation in the mouse ventral prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S. 2004;101:9375–9380.

  13. Imamov O, Lopatkin N, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor β in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:2773–2774.

  14. Imamov O, Shim G-J, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor beta in health and disease. Biol Reprod. November 1, 2005;73(5):866–871.

  15. Armamento-Villareal RC, Napoli N, et al. The oxidative metabolism of estrogen modulates response to ERT/HRT in postmenopausal women. Bone. 2004;35(3):682–688.

  16. Castagnetta LA,  Granata OM, et al. Tissue content of hydroxyestrogens in relation to survival of breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(10):3146–3155.

  17. Wellejus A, Olsen A, et al. Urinary hydroxyestrogens and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women: a prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(9):2137–2142.

Authors

  • Brenda Leung, ND
  • Carla Guggenheim, DO
  • Frank King Thompson
  • Jill Carnahan, MD

    Jill C. Carnahan, MD, ABIHM, IFMCP, was dually board certified in Family Medicine in 2006-2016 and in Integrative Holistic Medicine since 2005. She founded the Methodist Center for Integrative Medicine in Peoria, Illinois in 2009 and worked there as medical director. Then in 2010, she moved to Boulder, Colorado and opened Flatiron Functional Medicine where she has a widely sought-after medical practice with a broad range of clinical service including nutritional consultations, chiropractic therapy, naturopathic medicine, acupuncture, and massage therapy.

    Dr. Jill is survivor of both breast cancer and Crohn’s disease and passionate about teaching patients how to live well and thrive in the midst of complex and chronic illness. She is also a widely sought-after inspirational speaker and travels around the world to teach physicians the principles of personalized and functional medicine. She has been featured in Shape Magazine, Parade, Forbes, MindBodyGreen, First for Women, Townsend Letter, and the Huffington Post as well as seen on NBC News and Health segments with Joan Lunden. She recently published her prescriptive memoir, Unexpected: Finding Resilience Through Functional Medicine, Science, and Faith, was published in 2023.

    For more articles and information by Dr. Jill Carnahan - visit https://www.jillcarnahan.com and Subscribe to Dr. Jill LIVE on Dr. Jill Carnahan’s YouTube Channel

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  • Miriam Goodman
  • Viacheslav I. Astakhov

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