Introduction
The decline in estrogen during menopause can be associated with changes in multiple body systems because estrogen receptors are found in many tissues throughout the body, including bone and genitourinary tissues. Although estrogen is often recognized primarily as a reproductive hormone, its role extends beyond reproduction. Fuentes and Silveyra explain that estrogen receptor signaling can work differently depending on the tissue involved. In other words, estrogen may send different cellular signals in different parts of the body. This helps explain why estrogen decline can affect more than menstrual cycles or fertility. Amongst other areas, estrogen decline can meaningfully affect skeletal and genitourinary health influencing long-term bone strength, physical comfort, sexual well-being, urinary function, and overall quality of life.⁶,²⁵










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